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Penal Reform: Report of the first debate.


CONTEXT OF REFORM

The legislature has dealt with 15 criminal law reforms over the past five years:

- Law Reform Criminal Code the offenses of sexual exploitation of minors (RO No. 45, June 23, 2005).
- Criminal Code Reform Act, which criminalizes so-called "express kidnapping" (RO No. 154, November 28, 2005).

- Law Amending the Code of Execution of Punishment and Rehabilitation Social and Criminal Procedure (Official Gazette No. 227 of March 13, 2006).

- Law Amending the Penal Code and Law on the Manufacture, Import, Export, Marketing and Possession of Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives and Accessories (RO No. 231 of March 17, 2006).

- Law Amending the Law on the Judiciary and Criminal Procedure Code (Official Gazette No. 238 of March 28, 2006).

- Article unnumbered Interpretation Act inserted by section 9 of the Act amending the Penal Code, published in Official Gazette No. 45 of June 23, 2005 (ROS No. 350, September 6, 2006).

- Criminal Code Reform Act (Official Gazette No. 412 of December 7, 2006).

- Criminal Code Reform Act (ROS No. 427 of December 29, 2006).

- Law Amending the Hydrocarbon Law and the Penal Code (ROS No. 170 of September 14, 2007).

- Interpretation Act Article 169 of the Criminal Procedure Code (ROS 2, No. 194 of October 19, 2007);

- Law Amending the Code of Criminal Procedure (ROS No. 203, November 1, 2007).
- Law Reform the Code of Execution of Sentences and Criminal Code for the transformation of social rehabilitation system (ROS 2 No. 393 of July 31, 2008).

- Law Amending the Penal Procedure Code and Penal Code (ROS No. 555 of March 24, 2009).

- Criminal Code Reform Act, which defines the crime of genocide and ethnocide (ROS No. 578 of April 27, 2009).

- Law Amending the Penal Code and Criminal Procedure Code (ROS No. 160 of March 29, 2010).

- Criminal Code Reform Act for the definition of crimes in the military and police (ROS No. 196 of May 19, 2010).

The Judiciary Committee wants to express its firm conviction about the reduction in crime rates is not an automatic consequence, directly or legal reform. While the reforms may affect, it is necessary to take into account that such laws are applied by and judges, prosecutors, defenders, police and even attorneys and lawyers, and if they do not fully comply with its functions, the justice system is destined to collapse.

The

data show that the majority of complaints entered in 2009 were dismissed by the Attorney General, this is 139,780. This opens a gap between the number of complaints entered and the number of convictions.

In the report by Dr. Luis Pásara to Projusticia, judicial production was analyzed in the period covering the years 2002 to 2008, who entered the criminal court cases 40,327 , of which 23,006 were resolved, corresponding to a lack of resolution or accumulation of more than 17,231 cases. Significantly, the largest number of "resolutions" occur due to the dismissal of the cases, ie the prosecutor decides not to continue with the process. Therefore, in seven years in the criminal courts decided only slightly more than half of the cases filed.

also called for the criminal courts in the province of Guayas, in the period from January to May of 2009 to 1814 hearings, however, of which there were no 1507, making a total of 87 % failed hearing. Of the 1507 hearings failed, 1049 of them were not made by the responsibility of the Prosecutor (69.6%), and the remaining 30.4% was attributable to other causes. Even

, he UN special executions, Professor Philip Alston, in a press release of July 15, 2010, said the Ecuadorian justice system is highly dysfunctional. "This system consists of a police force that rarely makes a serious investigation and substantiation of the killings, a tax research service seems more concerned with public relations for the conviction of perpetrators of serious crimes and judicial system has been widely condemned by nearly maladministration inefficiency. These problems are compounded by allegations of corruption in most levels ".

Although already approved many changes to the reform and restructuring of the administration of justice, both through penal reform as the issue of the new Code of Judicial Function, several have not been implemented because the lack of action not only of judges, police and prosecutors, but also the Council of the Judiciary.

is, the proper functioning of the judicial system is independent of the National Assembly, each of those involved to justice must take its responsibility for the malfunctioning of the system, and above all work to solve this problem .

After this clarification, then analyzed the subjects of this reform:

1. Criminal Code Amendments



Make use of children and adolescents to commit the offense

The odds that an adult person is behind the actions of a child or adolescent who commits a wrongful act, are high. Although in this case the adult could be prosecuted como autor intelectual de la infracción (figura regulada ya por el Código Penal), la Comisión de Justicia ha considerado adecuado, además, incorporar esta circunstancia como uno de los agravantes de la infracción, por lo que ha reformado el artículo 30 del Código Penal.

Igualmente, en el artículo 162 relativo al delito de portar armas de uso militar o policial sin el permiso necesario, se ha incorporado un inciso por medio del cual se sanciona con severidad a quien proporcione, venda o facilite un arma de fuego a un niño, niña o adolescente.

Finalmente, se cambió Article on incitement to commit a crime, for the person who incites a child or adolescent to commit a crime is punished by three to six years of prison sentence, depending on the crime.

Hate Crimes

By law published in the Official Gazette Supplement No. 555 of 24 March 2009, the National Assembly introduced an unnumbered chapter entitled "Of Crimes Hate ", in Title II of Book II of the Penal Code, which were included as violations conduct inciting to hatred, contempt or violence or entity against a person or persons for various categories of discrimination.

The Commission has considered expanding the circumstances that can be understood as a hate crime, to conform to the Constitution, in particular paragraph 2 of Article 11, and those rules have been reformed for the record grounds of ethnicity, place of birth, age, sex, gender identity, cultural identity, marital status, language, religion, ideology, political affiliation, criminal record, socio-economic status, immigration status, sexual orientation, health status, carry HIV, disability and difference physics.

prevarication

The Commission accepted the suggestion of Assemblyman Leonardo Viteri to clarify the article of prevarication, to leave no doubt that they can also commit to prosecutors, who will be punished a sentence of one to five years in prison if self-interest, affection or disaffection to any person or to the detriment of the public cause or a particular issue resolved or not tax statement or rule against special law.

Marketing illicit fuel hydrocarbon derivatives

In the chapter containing offenses relating to illicit marketing of hydrocarbon fuels, including liquefied petroleum gas and biofuels, the Commission has welcomed the Executive's proposal to increase penalties. Thus, for the storage, transportation and marketing without proper authorization, imprisonment for one to three years, has been replaced by a sentence of three to six years prison sentence.

In the crime of tampering with oil derivatives, the penalty of two to three years of imprisonment is increased to three to six years prison sentence. For the misuse of derivatives of hydrocarbons, the penalty was one year in prison, was replaced by three years in prison. Finally, we reformed the crime of stay and suspension unjustified public service outlets or distribution of fuel, so you get a fine of one hundred to five hundred unified basic wage for workers in general, and sentence of one to three years in prison.

Conspiracy

been contemplated, in the chapter on racketeering, punishment for those who, without being included in the situations described in these rules, participate in illegal organizations or associations, which shall be punished with imprisonment from six months to three years.

Environment
Among the crimes against the environment, the Commission has incorporated a standard for both the machinery and equipment which have been used in illegal mining activities, mining wood, natural resource exploitation or illegal trade, are subject to special confiscation, and the owners are subject to a fine of five hundred to a thousand unified basic wage and imprisonment of one to three years.
semi-submersible Submersible vehicles

The Justice Committee accepted the proposal by Assemblyman Mauro Andino incorporated within the Title relating to offenses against public safety, a chapter regulating the use of Submerged or partially submerged. As such, the person who without lawful authority finances, builds, owns, traffic, or use one of these vehicles have more ordinary imprisonment from eight to twelve years. If the vehicle is used for human trafficking, narcotics, weapons, explosives, radioactive substances, the penalty increases to imprisonment more extraordinary twelve to sixteen.

sicariato

Several of the proposed reform bills referred to the issue of murder for hire or reward, commonly known as "assassins." They all agreed on the need to more severely penalize such behavior, but differed in the mechanism for doing so. Thus, proposals suggested establish as a separate article, while for others, the reform should be to Article of the murder.

The Justice held, first, that the behavior known as "assassins" was already defined in article 450 of the Penal Code which provides: "It's murder and is punishable with rigorous imprisonment Special sixteen to twenty five years, homicide is committed with any of the following circumstances: (...) 2nd .- By price or promise of remuneration. " However, it also agreed with the proposals in the fact that special attention should be given to these events, due to its increase and generate alarm among the citizens.

As such, understanding that the killings is an aggravated form of murder, decided to amend Article 450 of the Penal Code so that when the murder was committed by a gunman, the penalty is greater: twenty-five twenty-eight years rigorous imprisonment special (unlike the range of 16 to 25 now in force). Also contemplated under the same penalty to cases in which the adult Valiere one or more children or adolescents in the commission of murder.

Importantly, explicitly, the bill requires that in these cases not only to punish those who carried the act, but also those who offered, provided or provided the means of payment or reward.

also penalize those cases in which acts of preparation, organization and planning are effected in another country. It was decided that the prescription of these crimes be twenty years.

Incest

Article 512 of the Penal Code, the Justice added as an aggravating circumstance that the victim is a relative within the fourth degree consanguinity or second affinity with the aggressor.

regret the error committed by the Ministry of Justice in its draft reform, which suggested to include an article in which incest is only when the sexual crime is committed against siblings or children between 14 and 18 years of age, and giving exactly the same punishment as any other rape case of a person over 14 (twelve to sixteen years' rigorous imprisonment extraordinary).

gambling dens

Under the reforms made to the Money Laundering Act to Suppress Assets, creating expedited procedures to combat this crime and given a set of important powers to the Financial Analysis Unit, the Commission decided to raise the penalties for those who establish homes or table games without permission from the respective authority to to combat illegal gambling circuits underground.

Increased rigorous imprisonment special

The Commission has increased the range of duration of imprisonment more special, now is from sixteen to twenty-five, and suggests the establishment of sixteen and twenty-eight.

Accumulation of penalties

was decided to reform the article on the occurrence of violations, to simplify their rules and their application accordingly. Consequently, where there is more crimes punishable by imprisonment or detention and imprisonment, the penalties will be cumulative to a maximum of thirty-five years, if attended by a number of crimes punishable by imprisonment, the accumulation will be up to a maximum of fifteen years, and finally , special confiscation penalties under various concurrent offenses, are always cumulative.

For the above consideration, we decided to accept the proposals by Assemblyman Andrés Páez, President of the Republic and other proponents who agreed on the issue.


Vagrants and beggars

Being a criminal type anachronistic and obsolete, the Commission accepted the proposal of the First of Criminal Judge of Pichincha to eliminate the penalty related articles of vagrants and beggars.

Usury

The Commission has made an important reform for usury, to clarify that the interest credit granted exceed the legally permitted, he incurs the crime, and does not require that its activity is normal (as required by the current offense .) It also increased the sentence, which was imprisonment for six months to two years and a fine of sixteen and three hundred and eleven U.S. dollars, a prison sentence of three to six years and a fine of one hundred to five hundred unified basic wage.

also established expressly, that in these cases will be ordered to be returned to the victim who has paid all illegally and what he has mortgaged or pledged to pay its debt.

Use of substances such as scopolamine

Welcoming the proposal made by Assemblyman Vincent Taiano, the Commission added the crime of theft, the fact of running the offense by using substances such as "scopolamine", drugs, psychotropic substances, alkaloids or otherwise, to submit to the victim or leave in a state of drowsiness, unconsciousness, or helplessness, or to force in this state to perform acts which, with consciousness and will would not have executed. The penalty for this will conduct a prison sentence of six to nine years.

2. Amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code



underreporting

In accordance with Article 33 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the exercise of public action is solely for the tax, without prior complaint. To clarify the role of the prosecutor, added that he may not explicitly allege lack of complaint or accusation failure to exercise particular government action, and included that this procedural requirement does not constitute a prior report of the Comptroller General of the State or any other agency control over evidence of criminal responsibility.

Powers of the Judicial Police

the suggestion expressed by the representatives of the Judicial Police, has expanded its investigative powers to enable them to perform their jobs more efficiently.

conditional suspension of proceedings

conducted a reform to article on the conditional suspension of proceedings, to operate with the consent of the victim and not the crimes that are punishable by imprisonment. This decision was taken because the figure is being used improperly.

international arrest warrant

The Commission accepted the suggestion of Assemblyman Andrés Páez cover the case of persons who, being in the Ecuadorian territory, have committed crimes abroad and are required by channels of the International Criminal Police Organization, in order to facilitate its delivery to the appropriate authorities.

Investigation of crimes punishable by imprisonment
has accepted the proposal of Assemblyman Mauro Andino to incorporate the figures of the undercover agent, leniency and delivery, in order to improve the investigation of crimes punishable by imprisonment.


Injunction

has been added as a precautionary measure actual closure of the premises or establishment used for criminal activity.

Expiration of custody

Added a provision for the judge, when the expiration occurs custody, provided that the defendant is obligatorily present periodically before him and prohibited from leaving the country. It also added the possibility that, when it expires custody, the judge or justice of the criminal guarantees provided the use of satellite location devices and global geo-positioning to determine its exact location.

Review of precautionary measures

The Commission decided to improve the wording of article on the review of interim measures, to leave no doubt that preventive detention can not be replaced by a personal protective measure for crimes against public administration, crimes of which is the death of one or more persons, sexual offenses , hatred, punishable by a term of imprisonment or if there is recurrence.

Sweepstakes judge or justice of the criminal guarantees instruction control

Article 217, has accepted the proposal of the Prosecutor to explicitly include the draw to determine the jurisdiction of the judge or justice of criminal safeguards must intervene in the control of the instruction takes place within a maximum of two days from the date of receipt of the request of the prosecutor.

Deadline to resolve the motion to vacate

has been included in Article 336, a clause ordering the Provincial Court room who knows the motion to vacate, it resolved later than twenty days, and if he fails unjustifiably deadline, the judges were punished for serious foul under the Code of Judicial Function.

Appeal returned effect

The Commission added that the appeal of judgments rendered in streamlined, abbreviated process, and those who express confirm guilt or innocence of the accused, was granted devolution effect.

Simplified procedure

was set as competent to resolve such security procedures to judge criminal court instead of criminal safeguards. It has been clarified, too, the nature of the procedure, and saved some difficulties regarding the right to defense, under the short preparation time, well as limited the powers of the Prosecutor regarding the amount of the sentence.

Foreign inmates

have included a provision that any foreign person deprived of liberty who applies to be transferred to their country of nationality in accordance with treaties or international conventions or under the principle of reciprocity, request the court that rendered the sentence, the waiver of fines imposed sentence, when the victim is only the State, or has been fully satisfied civil damages set explicitly in the statement on behalf of others aggrieved.

3. Amendments to the Code of Childhood and Adolescence .

more severe punishment for adolescents who commit acts against the law

addition to more severely punish adults who use children and adolescents, the Commission has considered it necessary to send a more severe punishment of young offenders who commit serious crimes. While adolescents are, by Constitutional mandate, be treated differently from adults, too is true that they must have a consequence for committing a serious offense. As such, it has reformed the Code of Childhood and Adolescence to increase the penalty for institutional placement in the commission of offenses in ordinary criminal law is punishable by imprisonment.

has also been arranged for those twenty-one years in detention centers must be moved immediately, to end with the fullness of time measurement in rehabilitation centers for Social.

4. Reforms the Code of Execution of Sentences

made reform of the Code of Execution of Punishment has been done in the sense of possibility where there is an executed sentence against foreign citizens, the enforcement penalty in the country of origin or nationality of the accused, in accordance with existing international conventions.

Also in the article concerning the criteria for the granting of rebates, it is provided that they operate for up to a maximum of 30% of the sentence the person, and not granted crimes of kidnapping, murder, sex crimes, trafficking, crimes against public administration or for crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war of aggression, determined by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.

also devoted explicitly that it will not be any reduction in recidivism, punishment has been received at-large, or when the crime was committed against a child or adolescent .

5. Other considerations

Sanctions

judges and prosecutors who are responsible for the revocation of custody and other related offenses

Some projects suggested discipline judges and prosecutors who are responsible for allowing the expiration of the remand. This penalty exists and is in effect for more than a year in the Code of Judicial Function. The Justice Commission has proposed, including, increasing the penalty through the reform of the Civil Code of Judicial, whose report was the first debate and presented to the President of the National Assembly.

Proposal on mandatory detention

The Commission considers it necessary to refer to this proposal, it noted that the revocation of pretrial detention would be one of the causes of impunity, and this in In turn, because of high crime rates. In this regard, it suggested creating a new form of imprisonment, to be called "mandatory detention" (draft Assemblywoman Cynthia Viteri et al.)

fit regard the following comments:

As suggested in a previous report on this same proposal, in the closed prison census to July 2008 revealed that about 90% of applications for detention required by tax agents do not result in convictions . Additionally, Ecuador has been sentenced in the Court of Human Rights abuse precisely, extend or renegotiate improperly, through its judicial apparatus, the reasonable period of preventive detention, such as in the famous case of 7 Tibi September 2004, when Ecuador was ordered to pay nearly four hundred thousand euros (paragraphs 111-113).

Of the data that tells the Commission, the expiration of custody does not operate in all districts in the same way. As in many provinces the year provided it is long enough so that the system produces a sentence. The problem is not so much the norm, but its application, the answers should be sought in the efficiency of operators in the number of judgeships in relation to population and conflict, or other factors that could cause a high number of cases of lapse .

The Committee notices that the judges have not applied as provided in Article 169 of the Criminal Procedure Code and, therefore, have been computed for the revocation of custody incidents also raised by the defendants deliberately to allow expires.

Regardless of what denomination it is believed, any form of deprivation of liberty before the existence of a sentence is called preventive detention and must submit to the constitutional provision that says a maximum of one year its application as a precautionary measure. The three years proposed in the current proposal would provide explicit violation of the Constitution.

The assembly Andres Paez, Vicente Taiano and Henry Cuji believe that the current paragraph 3 and Article 232 requires the court to issue precautionary measures therefore should be reminded it is obliged to issue preventive detention dictates the order for trial and no other precautionary measures, in no case exceed imprisonment for one year from the effective date of arrest.

In conclusion, the Constitution now in force is clear regarding the application of this injunction, so that the Commission considers relevant the proposed reform.

It should also be noted that Assemblywoman Cynthia Viteri, who first presented the "Draft Law Reform in Criminal Matters" which included this figure, on December 3, 2010 submitted to the Commission of Justice "explanatory scope" to it, noting that "the legal concept of mandatory detention, the draft proposed by popular initiative, has no time limits, and will be issued only at the stage of juice to ensure the presence of the accused at the hearing. The Criminal Court for each case is that is subjected to a period of three months for sentencing, on pain of dismissal. " This differs substantially from the initial draft, which envisaged that "The criminal court safeguards to ensure the defendant at the trial stage, when mandatory detention order is issued a summons to court ... Mandatory detention will remain in effect while the criminal court sentencing and may not be up to three years after the order enforceable for trial. Enforceable once the order for trial, the court of competent criminal guarantees shall adjudicate in a period not exceeding one hundred and eighty days ... "

Tarjeta De Boda, Felicidades

Thanks to friend Walter for honoring me with the distinction of this award Walter on his blog and friends who accompany him.

hope to remain worthy of your interest for a long time .... thanks again.

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About Halloween: TRIANGLE OF WITCHES, Juan Carlos Morales.

about five years ago, I undertook a journey to discover the secrets of flying witches. Grandpa's stories by Juan José Mejía-follower of Don Quixote and the wonder that is The Arabian Nights "knew that sailed the skies in a perfect triangle between Mira, Pimampiro and Urcuquí. Iban to Quito to bring news and top it off, turned heads with their lovers in banana or roosters, who are tied to the bedpost.
In northern Ecuador, as Illuchi witch in Bath, there are these fantastic beings that are different from northern witches who fly on a broomstick and wear black suits, and these days go rampaging through the celebration of Halloween, October 31, which according to Celtic myth is the day where the dead go. Do not be afraid of these parties globalized and candy-seeking children, but we should scare us to forget our own witches, in the sense of losing memory as a people.
So, let's get down to business. As the book was about the mythologies of Imbabura, rented a house for four months in San Blas de Urcuquí, hoping that some witches night stop at the bell tower. I still remember with awe the window ajar and starry nights. As time passed, the minimum processions were succeeded, with the Saints in litter or penitents, who were guarding the Crucified, in the middle of cones with tridents. But witches, nothing.
I took the learned books of the Greeks, but also a curious treatise de Julio Caro Baroja, Vidas magic and inquiry, but also was aware of these magnificent paintings of Francisco de Quevedo, the coven of witches or burial of the sardine. The atmosphere was perfect ... The texts

read: "Diego de Torres y Villarroel, on the coven of Barahona, in Spain, eighteenth century, became the right time when" witches hanged out to greedy, nit picking skulls boys suck and suck cocks. " According
advanced pages, I found what formulas were repeated, between Spain and the beloved America. For example, before flying witches say: From beam to beam, from village to village with no God or Santa Maria. " Unlike the Norse, our witches take up arms and snow-white starched suits.
In the evening, I sat listening to the stories of the grandparents of the people and, like a ball, was joining the mysteries. So I knew that flying, as they are known, smeared in the armpit (axilla) magic formulas, which include powerful potions, like that which is achieved by rubbing with a branch of quince, the skin of a frog.

The best way to discover a witch is launched with arms outstretched, to fall. These accounts also are in the book Memories of Mira, teacher Cecilia Rosa Ramirez, who is investigating the culture of its people. North Andean But witches are not grotesque with pots of bats, but gorgeous girls who make their lovers cocks. Knew that his grandfather, who was delighted to look malignantly. But that's another story ...

Today

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MORE ON THE CONCEPT OF CARE (II)

developed the second day of the Seminar on the Economics of Care International. This event showcased the results of the National Survey on Time Use (2007) which is very important to understand the concept of care, the care economy and the implications in Ecuador, and discrete roles assigned to men and women. I share with you some facts:



■ The overall workload indicator is part of the motions for the Centre for Gender indicators commissioned by the "X Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean, "in the" Quito Consensus "of August 9, 2007 to ECLAC. There are some ways to present this flag, it can do for the total weekly working hours of3 all men and women of the country or can take the form of average hours of work, INEC research chose the second option.


■ This indicator of overall workload serves to highlight the difference of it between men and women and highlight the impact of unpaid work in the lives of women.


■ Indigenous women work an average of 23 hours per week than Indian men. In the mixed population of women work 15 hours each week than men.


■ For marital status, cohabiting women (union free and married) work longer than unmarried women especially in rural households of married women work 28 hours more than men, the national average: 19 hours more per week than men.

■ The work paid the difference is less, on average, men work 8 hours each week than women, while the difference unpaid national average is 23 hours working women. These data tell us that women remain in charge "natural" care tasks and also carrying out unpaid work, yet remarkably, decreases the amount of time available for themselves.


source: The time for them and for them. Indicators from the National Survey of Time Use _ 2007. CONAMU, INEC.

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SOME DATA ON THE CONCEPT OF CARE (R)

share with you some facts of the working paper of the International Seminar "care economy and Social Security, the investigating authorities are: Amparo Armas, Jackeline Contreras and Alison Vásconez. The event and the investigation is the result of an initiative by several ministries, the IESS itself and the Social Security Institute.



- A general way of treating domestic work, and for consideration at an extra-dimension also domestic support is the use of the concept of care work. This is part of what is called, hereinafter, Economy of Care, to refer to activities to sustain life, whether developed inside or outside the home.


- The unpaid care work is characterized, essentially, be based on care and human relationships and values \u200b\u200bto be generator use (services). A general criterion is that they are activities carried out by and for people from home (also considering some community work or extended households), which are capable of being developed by a third person, and produce marketable goods quasi in the sense that they can share many of them in the market, but with the characteristic of merit goods, ie quasi-public nature.

- These tasks require multiple skills that have been socially assigned to women, on the basis of a generic training from formal education and family. This process of "specialization" is also associated with separation (almost) final between productive and reproductive spheres in advanced capitalism, which causes them to look at home as a non-productive space as the undisputed site of care.


- Linked to this process also estpa marginalization and subordination of those doing domestic work and care (...). These conditions are maintained even when women increasingly have access to opportunities for generation of income and greater economic autonomy, as well as maintaining the social imagination the idea of \u200b\u200bthe male breadwinner.



- unpaid work is essentially intensive care resources: time, space, cash income and skills. It is performed daily and inflexible schedules, and imposes restrictions on the user. Among them, opt for income-generating activities, to take jobs or careers, caring for yourself and have time available. The real costs of this work can be seen, for those who provide, such as lost income, financial costs, missed opportunities and physical deterioration .

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Bicentennial unauthorized history. Chat

Dolores In a place whose name I remember, there lived a Founding Father Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.

Although rather paint him as grandfather, Miquelon, as the conspirators told him he was a priest-mature, green eyes and long, graying hair, who one day shook his tousled hair and said:

-Viva America, Viva Fernando VII and Viva the Virgin of Guadalupe, which never fails among the populace, thus began his movement so-called independence of the September 16, 1810.

I say misnamed because it was originally their revolt for independence from Spain but because they disagreed with that Napoleon Bonaparte had invaded the Motherland and removed from the throne, the royal throne is meant-to Fernando VII.

is also known that because of that Fernando VII coined the famous phrase: "but I'm still the King, who would later famous José Alfredo Jiménez.

said then that Hill decided to open along with the conspirators of Queretaro, which today would be called plotters: Allende, Josefa Ortiz, Aldama and Abasolo, "a movement in support of their King and in repudiation of Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napo and also called Pepe Bottles, who had been imposed as the new monarch afrancesado.

At first all went well, all was victory after victory against the royalists, who were not very realistic in the face of a smaller number of insurgents, until they reached the gates of the Capital where everything became confusion.

For some strange reason it still is today at a talk show programs, Hidalgo refused to take it and gave rise to many additional years of war. Some say

went for the smog-and-Hidalgo was asthmatic, others say it was for the traffic-because the Peje yet built the second floor, and others say it was because it was not military and did not know what the heck he was doing and was only good for stirring up the Indians, at least he said Allende.

He also said that to Doña Josefa Ortiz said the magistrate because it was spent correcting her husband in public and Morelos wearing headscarf because it was balding and Hidalgo. Total

differences emerged and Allende took his side by making war a while Hidalgo and he ended up cutting the head and hanging Granaditas the Corn Exchange.

However, the first step was already taken and there would be no turning back.

the death of the first leaders followed years of struggle led by José María Morelos, who did have military talent and of Napoleon who said, "with five Morelos conquer the world", however the Church declared him a heretic and then shot.

Finally in 1821, Iturbide and Guerrero, decided it was better to form a new country, because after all those being killed were given them, and accepted the embrace of Acatempan in Guerrero.

From there they went to celebrate at the beaches of Acapulco where said that woke again embraced and drawn in the sand with a barrel of beer on the side.

was how this movement in support of the English monarchy ended independence struggle degenerated into giving way to a new country, democratic, independent and class discrimination that respects the rule of law, not like in those times.

is why we celebrate the Bicentennial.

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prenuptial


What happens when a marriage has irreconcilable differences?, "Because it ends in divorce simply.

And that is the main flaw in the relationship lies in the fact that couples boyfriends do not talk about the problems that arise in the future if they are married - because I do not know, and as a result conflicts arise when it is too late. Since

currently half of all marriages end in divorce, and the other half to bring dogs life, it is worth introducing the figure of prenuptial talks on civil registration.

If up to take driver's license must attend a driver education course before, how it is possible that marriage is the foundation of society around the world go blind?

Thus, under the guidance of a specialist, the talks would address the main prenupcionales issues that affect married life by pre-established questionnaires serve as the basis, for which questions each prospective groom must answer in the presence of the other to see if we can reach a consensus or outright better or take the next step, ie : Money


you both work?
Do you plan to share costs?
Will there be transparency and accountability?
Are the assets will be made in both names?
"Women have the right to work, but the man is the only one who has obligations?
If you keep your mother I can keep another home too?

Sex.
How often do you have?
you sure?
What contraceptive method is used?
Is willing to satisfy the fantasies of the other?
What are these fantasies? Widely-discussed detail.
If you become a fodonga and you gain weight, I wish you or be unfaithful?
Do you have friends bisexual?

Sons.
How many and when will they have?
Will there be DNA testing at birth?
Who will be the bottle at night? "We will decide together
or want to put your name Tiburcio like your grandfather?
Who is responsible for school and homework? Will
omnivores Vegetarian or Anorexic?
you let your age or are living caricatures yours?

Religion.
Does religion to instill respect your son or free will?
Does religion of the father, mother or prehispanic ancestors?
Do you take time and resources to church? Will
annual pilgrimage to La Villa, and if you Tabasco, the Lord of Tila?
you coming to eat the pastor when the parent is not?

Family.
Would you marry your partner or your family?
What is your family, you are forming or the your parents? Where will
Christmas dinner and New Year?
Why should I keep the beater in your brother?
How often will visit your mother?
How often do you come to visit us?

job.
Do you live to work or work to live?
Do you believe in working together late? Is it worth
surprise visits to work?
My secretary can call me by my name or to tell me Ribadeneira Bachelor?
If I knew I'm not movin 'me the same degree?

Friends.
Will there be a special day for everyone to go out with your friends?
"Only one day?
What is the difference between friends and cronies? Who will
compadres? - Important point if you're Mexican. Can
out alone with the friend? Domestic Duties


Will both participate equally or division of functions will be based on sex?
Will we live with order or with socks in the bathroom?
Who will go to make payments on the house and pantry?
If only I work, anyway I get to wash dishes?
Who feeds and bathes the dog?
Who feeds and bathes the mother?

Fun.
Do I have a right to my space?
Who plays the control of the TV?
Does "teibol is fun or infidelity?
Football "or eating out on Sundays?
"Even the American plays?

Holidays. Is
take annual leave? Still believing
timeshares?
car If we both handle it or you just enjoy the scenery?
Can I take a vacation with friends?
Family Vacation "means taking your mother?
Travelling in first class or economy class?
And your mother?

Others.
Here each member of the couples can ask any questions they deem important to clarify several issues not included in the above aspects, such as:

Did you vote for the spurious Felipe Calderón or López Obrador the legitimate president?
Do you believe in the chupacabra and climate change?
Is Mexico one day win the World Cup?
Are rehash the dead of Ciudad Juarez and said Fox? Are
hembrista?
Do you write a blog on the sly?

And finally you can touch the subject of Divorce, if all else fails, "Will

custody or believe that children are property women?
If you stay with the children, pension, home, car, dog and parrot, what do you want your palette?
"All that for a few years of bad sex?
If you say that the house is not for you if not for my children, why do not you live with the mother who bore you?

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NOTES ON THE VETO OF THE LAW OF HIGHER EDUCATION LAWS

With the modifications suggested in the veto (which must still be voted on), some important points of the Higher Education Act would:

GOOD:

• 60% the teaching staff of universities must be teachers Full-time (two year deadline to reach that percentage). L @ \u200b\u200bs
• full-time faculty should hold the title of fourth grade (Ph. D) (seven-year term to fulfill this requirement.)
• 6% of university budget should be allocated to research and publication.
• 10% of l @ s alumn @ s of private universities must have full scholarships.
• To be a student leader is required to have approved 50% of the curriculum and have not failed any subject. Rents for
• and increased FOPEDEUPO be allocated to public, private and polytechnics.
• Universities Assignments are private and can only continue to receive for fellowships for study or research.
• universities engaged in economic activities, commercial or productive for this purpose should create separate legal entities to college because they can not benefit from tax exemptions or tariff for these activities. It also should recognize the payment of their salaries to teachers and students working in these companies.
• Teachers will be paid according to a scale law for the sector and are entitled to a sabbatical every six years of operation, ie a year be devoted to the study or research and will continue to receive their compensation.
• fee is prohibited by rights of degree or award of title.
• gratuity is guaranteed but not the second or third cover tuition.

BAD (in my opinion)

• As regards the mechanism for appointment of academic authorities the law makes an exception for military and universities who have taken the modus vivendi, these universities, in this issue are not obliged to abide by the law, but by their own statutes. These exceptions are not right or justifiable under the rule of law (where everyone submits the law) and less of a secular state (for this exceptional treatment / preferential is only established Catholic universities and unequal treatment, unjustified, it has no other religious organization).

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today approved two VERY IMPORTANT!

Territorial Organization Code: 80 votes!
The Public Service Act: 106 votes!

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If Mexico had won World.

• Have you ever stopped to think what would have happened if Mexico had won the World Cup?
  


• All Mexicans celebrate we would meet at Azteca vuvuzelas playing and singing the Waka-Waka.
  


• The Senate will propose changes to Scream Day July 11.
  


• They would leave the new forgery-proof tickets to the faces of Chicharito, Giovanni and Vela.
  


• TV Azteca send out a new program called "What the selected silent."
  


• El Peje argue that this is a conspiracy.
  


• nopal Deputies would remove the national emblem to put the eagle devouring a snake on the World Cup. Televisa
  


• claim that this year if the American champion. Calderón
  


• seize the opportunity to say that if we win the World also we will win the war on drugs.
  


• As canonized Juan Diego, Cardinal Norberto Rivera propose the canonization of Cuauhtémoc.
  


• would be included in the World Cup tour of Symbols for the Bicentennial.
  


• Rafa Marquez and Paco Memo Ochoa would be the new soap opera heartthrobs.
  


• bust was put with the image of Aguirre in the Rotunda of Illustrious Men.
  


• Hugo Sanchez would also require your bust. Maradona
  


• argue that this time it was the hand of God.
  


• the Green Party would change his campaign slogan of "Put on the green."
  


• Representatives of the 400 people take advantage to undress in the socket.
  


• Another group of women would undress but also for the deaths in Ciudad Juárez. Some
  


• naco became famous with the Chicharito tropicumbia or move it as Ghio.
  


• 
  Jaime Maussan And finally say that the victory of Mexico was the hidden message of UFOs in the crop circles.
  
  
  

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LIST LATEST VERSION OF THE LAW OF HIGHER EDUCATION ...

And it has very significant changes. They keep all quality issues, requirements for teachers, evaluation of universities and faculty. Here are some topics that were controversial and it says the version for the vote:

YEAR Responsible autonomy (autonomy is guaranteed)

responsible autonomy exercised by the universities and polytechnics is:

a) The independence for teachers and researchers from universities and polytechnics to exercise academic freedom and research;

b) freedom of statutes issued under the provisions of this Act;

c) freedom in developing their plans and programs of study under the provisions of this Act ;

d) The freedom to appoint its officers, teachers or professors, researchers, investigators, and servers and the workers, based on the alternation and gender equity, in accordance with the law;

e) The freedom to manage their internal processes

f) freedom to develop, adopt and implement the institutional budget. To that end, in the case of public institutions, the parameters will be observed by public sector regulations;

g) The freedom to acquire and manage its assets in the manner provided by law;

h) Freedom of manage resources in line with the development objectives of the scheme, subject to the audit to the institution by a court or internal or external controller, as as established by law, and,

i) The ability to determine its forms and government bodies, in line with the principle of alternation, gender equity, transparency and political rights mentioned in the Constitution of the Republic, and integrate such bodies on behalf of the university community, according to this Act and the regulations of each institution.

FINANCING OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS (guaranteeing the resources of universities, there is no diminution)

a) movable and immovable property to the enactment of this Act within its property and assets that acquired in the future to any title, as well as those who were offered and committed to the time of its building project;

b) Income Act established the Permanent Development Fund and Polytechnic University (FOPEDEUPO) for public institutions;

c) assignments have consisted for the public and private universities until this year in the General State Budget and corresponding increases for public institutions, as mandated by the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador;

d) Allocations under the free to public institutions;

e) The tuition revenue, rights and duties, except as provided in the Constitution and this Law in public universities and polytechnics.

f) The benefits derived from their participation in productive activities of goods and services, provided that such participation is not for profit and that is the benefit of the institution;

g) The proceeds of inheritances, bequests and donations in his favor;

h) self-generated funds for courses, extracurricular seminars, postgraduate programs, consultancies and similar services, under the provisions of this Act;

i) Income from intellectual property as a result of his research and other academic activities

j) committed budget balances for investment, developing science and technology and academic and research projects that are in unearned run to the end of the fiscal year, compulsory will be incorporated into next fiscal year's budget and,

k) The proceeds of contributions from international cooperation.

l) Other goods and funds allocated to them or acquired under the Act

ASSIGNMENTS FOR PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES TO BE USED FOR SCHOLARSHIPS:

Art - 30 .- State allowances and income for private universities and polytechnics .- The private universities and polytechnics to receive allocations and revenues of the State, continue to receive the amounts allocated to the current year. Are required to allocate those resources to the provision of educational scholarships to students enrolled in academic programs at any level, socio-economic in origin, ethnicity, gender, handicap or place of residence among others, have difficulty accessing des, stay and finish successfully training, poor economic performance since the start of the race.

The National Secretariat for Higher Education Science, Technology and Innovation will ensure compliance with this requirement by the respective regulations.

AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION AND ENROLLMENT DEGREES OBTAINED OVERSEAS (I think that should be included FREE).

Section 127 .- Automatic Recognition and registration of qualifications obtained abroad .- The academic degrees or professional qualifications obtained in other countries will be legally registered in Ecuador for the National Education Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, under procedures approved by the Council for Higher Education.

TEACHERS WILL BE EVALUATED.
Article 155 .- Evaluation of academic performance .- The teachers of institutions of higher education system shall be evaluated regularly in academic performance.

Regulation Career and Salary Structure System Research Professor of Higher Education shall establish the evaluation criteria, forms of student participation in the evaluation and academic and economic incentives.

INTEGRATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION COUNCIL (the executive and have majority, or chairs)

Article 167 .- Integration .- Council of Higher Education The Higher Education Council shall consist of the following members:

a) Four representatives of the Executive are: the National Secretary of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, the National Technical Secretary of Planning or his delegate, the Minister who direct the National Education System or his delegate, the Minister to direct the production policy or his delegate.

b) Six Scholars chosen by open competition of merit and opposition, which come three in the sector of Public Universities and Polytechnics, two of the field of Private Universities and Polytechnics, one the field of Technical Colleges, Technological, Pedagogical, arts and conservatories, and

c) A representative of the students and participate in the meetings with voice.

Council President shall be elected from among its members, at least two-thirds of its members with voting rights. The President of the Council will vote.

THE ASSESSMENT AND ACCREDITATION COUNCIL (all chosen through open competition, eliminated the direct appointment of the executive). Article 175 .-
Integration Evaluation Council, Accreditation and Quality Assurance of Higher Education .- The Board shall consist of six scholars selected through competition based on merit and opposition to organize the National Electoral Council, who meet the same requirements set to be Rector of the university. The competition will ensure the anonymity of application.

Academy and President of the Republic may submit as many nominations as they deem appropriate. The total number of nominations will be chosen the top three rated it come from nominations by the Academy, and three of the nominations by the President of the Republic, respecting the equity, turnover and gender parity According to the Constitution.

The six scholars who form the Board of Assessment, Accreditation and Quality Assurance of Higher Education, will elect its chairman or chairman from among the three academics nominated by the Executive, who have won the contest.

TRANSITIONAL In ordering a new assessment to the universities that were observed in the report of CONEA, if not eligible this time will be repealed laws that created them. SRI is directed to use analysis provided allocations of 25% tax and regulate the transition between one and another law.

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already knew, the prosecutor wants again by the prosecution or go to the Judicial Council, or as it said in an interview on the same day, be a candidate for the Presidency ...

In the system of open competition, anyone can run, but thanks to this system, all citizens can challenge the candidates and provide information, documents, data and used to select the best for such sensitive positions. Look

note Universe.

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I invite you to review this information about irregularities in the judicial council. Presentation

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View more presentations from Maria Romo .

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Exercitium Novemdialis in honorem Sancti Aloysii Gonzagae

(Ad faciendum a die 12 usque ad 20 iunii)

Exercitium Novemdialis in honorem Sancti Aloysii Gonzaga

cuius festum die 21 iunii celebratur

Per signum Sanctae (†) Crucis, de inimicis (†) nostris, libera nos, (†) Deus noster. In nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. Amen.

(Spiritus Sanctus invocatur)

Antiphona. Veni, Sancte Spiritus, reple tuorum corda fidelium, et tui amoris in eis ignem accende.

V. Emitte Spiritum tuum et creabuntur.
R. Et renovabis faciem terrae.

Oremus. Deus, qui corda fidelium Sancti Spiritus illustratione docuisti: da nobis in eodem Spiritu recta sapere, et de eius semper consolatione gaudere. Per Christum Dominum nostrum. R. Amen.

Actus contritionis

Deus meus, ex toto corde paenitet me omnium meorum peccatorum, eaque detestor, quia peccando, non solum poenas a Te iuste statutas promeritus sum, sed praesertim quia offendi Te, summum bonum, ac dignum qui super omnia diligaris. Ideo firmiter propono, adiuvante gratia Tua, de cetero me non peccaturum peccandique occasiones proximas fugiturum. Amen.

Oblatio ad Beatam Mariam Virginem (a Sancto Aloysio composita)

O Domina mea, sancta Maria, me in tuam benedictam fidem ac singularem custodiam et in sinum misericordiae tuae, hodie et quotidie et in hora exitus mei animam meam et corpus meum tibi commendo. Omnem spem et consolationem meam, omnes angustias et miserias meas, vitam et finem vitae meae tibi committo, ut per tuam sanctissimam intercessionem et per tua merita, omnia mea dirigantur et disponantur opera secundum tuam tuique Filii voluntatem. Amen.

Oratio ad Sanctum Aloysium

Sanctissime Aloysi, qui te ipsum mundi contagionum immunem ab infantia feliciter servasti, et soli Deo constanter vixisti, fac, quaesumus, tuis precibus, ut perverso saeculo in aeternum mortui, Domino ardenter serviamus. Nostras miserias benignus aspice, et tui patrocinio nobis impetra ut digne semper Deo famulari mereamur. Faventem, quaesumus, manum porrige, felixque nobis esto praesidium ; innumera vitare mundi pericula hostesque salutis infensissimos, vi tuae protectionis possimus : cor nostrum dirige ad omnes virtutes, quarum tot et tanta nobis praebuisti exempla ; ut tui imitatores simus, tecum Deum collaudare mereamur in terris, atque misericordias eius in aeternum cantare. Amen.

Deprecationes

I. O Sancte Aloysi, per innocentiam tuam admirabilem, ora pro nobis ad Deum ut omnes impuritates malitiasque animae et corporis reiiciamus.

Pater, Ave et Gloria Patri

II. O Sancte Aloysi, per tuam poenitentiam tuam eximiam, ora pro nobis ad Deum ut in spiritu verae mortificationis omnia peccata nostra purgemus et solidam vitae emendationem obtineamus.

Pater, Ave et Gloria Patri

III. O Sancte Aloysi, per caritatem tuam heroicam, ora pro nobis ad Deum ut Eum super omnia diligamus et proximum sicut nosmetipsos.

Pater, Ave et Gloria Patri

Litaniae Sancti Aloysi Gonzaga

Kyrie, eléison.
Christe, eléison.
Kyrie, eléison.
Christe, audi nos.
Christe, exáudi nos.
Pater de caelis Deus, miserére nobis.
Fili, Redémptor mundi, Deus, miserére nobis.
Spíritus Sancte, Deus, miserére nobis.
Sancta Trínitas, unus Deus, miserére nobis.
Sancte Aloysi Gonzaga, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, Dei benedictionibus dotate, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, Spiritus Sancti replete, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, Christi confessor dignissime, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, Eucharistiae adorator devotissime, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, Beatae Virginis cliens ardentissime, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, deliciarum mundi generose contemptor, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, exemplar humilitatis, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, paupertatis amator, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, in oboedientia consumate, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, patientia admirabilis, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, in coelis potentissime, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, fugator daemonum, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, honor et gloria iuventutis, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, patrone scholasticorum, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, vitae evangelicae imitator, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, speculum virginum, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, consolator afflictorum dulcissime, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, infirmorum salus certissima, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, Societatis Iesu decus et ornamentum, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, praeclarum Ecclesiae lumen, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, plurimis insignite miraculis, ora pro nobis.
Sancte Aloysi, adiutor et protector noster, ora pro nobis.

Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccáta mundi, parce nobis, Domine.
Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccáta mundi, exaudi nos, Domine.
Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccáta mundi, miserére nobis.

V. Ora pro nobis, Sancte Aloysi Gonzaga.
R. Ut digni efficiamur promissionibus Christi.

Oremus. Coelestium donorum distributor, Deus, qui in angelico juvene Aloysio miram vitae innocentiam pari cum poenitentia sociati ejus meritis et preciasti: ejus meritis et precibus concede; ut, innocentem non secuti poenitentem imitemur. Per Christum Dominum nostrum. R. Amen.

Ad mentem Romani Pontificis: Pater, Ave et Credo

V. Nos cum prole pia.
R. Bene(+)dicat Virgo Maria.

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Trisagio the Holy Trinity in its solemnity and all

Trisagium

Benedicta sit * sancta Creatrix et Gubernatrix omnium, sancta et individua Trinitas, nunc, semper, et per infinita saecula saeculorum.

V. Domine, labia mea aperies.
R. Et os meum annuntiabit laudem tuam.
V. Deus in adiutorium meum intende.
R. Domine, ad adiuvandum me festina.
V. Gloria Patri et Filio et Spiritui Sancto.
R. Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper, et in saecula saeculorum. Amen.

Alleluia seu Laus Tibi, Domine, Rex aeternae gloriae.

ACTVS CONTRITIONIS

Deus meus, ex toto corde: paenitet me, Trinitas Sanctissima; paenitet me, Trinitas amabilissima; paenitet me, Trinitas summe misericors, omnium meorum peccatorum, eaque detestor, quia peccando, non solum poenas a Te iuste statutas promeritus sum, sed praesertim quia offendi Te, summum bonum, ac dignum qui super omnia diligaris. Ideo firmiter propono, adiuvante gratia Tua, de cetero me non peccaturum peccandique occasiones proximas fugiturum. Libera nos, salva nos, vivifica nos, O Beata Trinitas! Amen.

HYMNVS

Jam sol recedit igneus:
Tu, lux perennis, Unitas,
Nostris, beata Trinitas,
Infunde lumen cordibus.

Te mane laudum carmine,
Te deprecamur vespere,
Digneris ut Te supplices
Laudemus inter caélites.

Patri simulque Filio,
Tibique, Sancte Spíritus,
Sicut fuit, sit jugiter
Saeclum per omne gloria. Amen.

DEPRECATIONES ET LAUDES

V. OMNIPOTENTIA Patris, adiuva fragilitatem meam et e profundo miseriae eripe me. Amen.
R. Sanctus Deus, Sanctus fortis, Sanctus immortalis, miserere nobis. Pater, Ave.
Deinde novies:
V. Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus Dominus Deus exercituum. Pleni sunt caeli et terra maiestatis gloriae tuae. Gloria Patri, Gloria Filio, Gloria Spiritui Sancto.
R. Tibi laus, Tibi gloria, Tibi gratiarum actio in saecula sempiterna, O Beata Trinitas!

V. SAPIENTIA Filii, dirige cogitationes, verba et actiones meas omnes. Amen.
R. Sanctus Deus, Sanctus fortis, Sanctus immortalis, miserere nobis. Pater, Ave.
Deinde novies:
V. Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus Dominus Deus exercituum. Pleni sunt caeli et terra maiestatis gloriae tuae. Gloria Patri, Gloria Filio, Gloria Spiritui Sancto.
R. Tibi laus, Tibi gloria, Tibi gratiarum actio in saecula sempiterna, O Beata Trinitas!

V. AMOR Sancti, esto cunctarum animae meae operationum principium, quo iugiter sint divino beneplacito conformes. Amen.
R. Sanctus Deus, Sanctus fortis, Sanctus immortalis, miserere nobis. Pater, Ave.
Deinde novies:
V. Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus Dominus Deus exercituum. Pleni sunt caeli et terra maiestatis gloriae tuae. Gloria Patri, Gloria Filio, Gloria Spiritui Sancto.
R. Tibi laus, Tibi gloria, Tibi gratiarum actio in saecula sempiterna, O Beata Trinitas!


Pietate tua, quaesumus, Domine, nostrorum solve vincula peccatorum, et intercedente beata semperque Virgine Dei Genetrice Maria cum beato Ioseph ac beatis Apostolis tuis Petro et Paulo et omnibus Sanctis, nos famulos tuos et loca nostra in omni sanctitate custodi; omnes consanguinitate, affinitate ac familiaritate nobis coniunctos a vitiis purga, virtutibus illustra; pacem et salutem nobis tribue; hostes visibiles et invisibiles remove; carnalia desideria repelle: aerem salubrem indulge; amicis et inimicis nostris caritatem largire; Urbem tuam custodi; Pontificem nostrum Benedictum conserva; omnes Praelatos, Principes cunctumque populum christianum ab omni adversitate defende. Benedictio tua sit super nos semper, et omnibus fidelibus defunctis requiem aeternam concede. Amen.


Te Deum * Patrem ingenitum, te Filium unigenitum, te Spiritum Sanctum Paraclitum, sanctam et individuam Trinitatem, toto corde et ore confitemur, laudamus, atque benedicimus: tibi gloria in saecula.

V. Benedicamus Patrem et Filium cum Sancto Spiritu.
R. Laudemus et superexaltemus eum in saecula.

Oremus. Omnipotens sempiterne Deus, qui dedisti famulis tuis in confessione verae fidei, aeternae Trinitatis gloriam agnoscere, et in potentia maiestatis adorare Unitatem: quaesumus, ut eiusdem fidei firmitate ab omnibus semper muniamur adversis. Per Christum Dominum nostrum. R. Amen.

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Sunday May 26: Feast of San Felipe Neri

In this day and San Felipe Neri want to offer this distinguished and holy our modest tribute to publish it made a brief biography of Catholic Encyclopedia (in Castilian and English) and a brief period in his honor, consisting of the prayer composed by Cardinal Baronius and the Litany of the Holy, due to the inspired pen of Blessed John Henry Cardinal Newman (in Latin, Castilian and English). As a climax will be the prayer of the Blessed St. Philip Newman Neri asked the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, timely given that we are in full octave of Pentecost. This hope will be of benefit to you our readers. We only note that these exercises of private devotion, litanies not found among so-called authentic

Romulo Neri San Felipe

The Apostle of Rome

Born in Florence, Italy on July 22, 1515, died on May 27, 1595. Philip's family originally came from Castelfranco, but had lived for generations in Florence, where many of their members had practiced professions, and therefore took rank with the Tuscan nobility. Among them was Philip's own father, Francesco Neri, who eked out an insufficient private fortune with what he earned as a notary. A circumstance which had no small influence on the life of the saint was Francesco's friendship with the Dominicans, it was from the friars of San Marco, amid the memories of Savonarola, that Philip received many of his early religious impressions. Apart from a younger brother, who died in early childhood, Philip had two younger sisters, Caterina and Elisabetta. It was with them that "the good Pippo" as he soon began to be called, committed his only known fault. Gave a slight push to Caterina, because she kept interrupting him and Elisabetta, while they were reciting psalms together, a practice that, as a child, he was remarkably fond. An incident of his childhood is dear to his early biographers as the first visible intervention of Providence in their favor, and perhaps dearer still to his modern disciples, because it reveals the human characteristics of a boy amid the supernatural graces of a saint . When I was about eight years he was left alone in a courtyard to amuse himself, seeing a donkey laden with fruit, he jumped on his back, the animal bolted, and both fell into a deep cellar. His parents rushed to the spot and extricated the child, not dead, as feared, but entirely uninjured.

From the outset it was evident that Philip's career would run on no conventional lines, when he was shown the pedigree of his family, broke, and left him indifferent to burn the house of his father. Having studied the humanities under the best scholars of a scholarly generation, at the age of sixteen he was sent to help business to a cousin of his father in San Germano, near Monte Cassino. He applied himself with diligence, and his kinsman soon determined to make his heir. But he often retreated to a little mountain chapel belonging to the Benedictines of Monte Cassino, built above the port of Gaeta in the cleft of the rock which tradition says was among those at the time of the death of Our Lord. It was here that his vocation became definite: he was called to be the Apostle of Rome. In 1533 he arrived in Rome without any money. He had not informed his father of the step he was taking, and he had deliberately protecting your relative. However, once befriended by Galeotto Caccia, a Florentine resident, who gave him a room in your house and an allowance of flour, in return for which he undertook the education of their two children. For seventeen years Philip lived as a layman in Rome, probably without thinking of becoming a priest. It was perhaps while tutor to the children, he wrote most of the poetry which he composed both in Latin and Italian. Before his death he burned all his writings, and only some of his sonnets have survived. He spent three years beginning in 1535, the study of philosophy at the Sapienza, and theology at Augustinian school. When he considered he had learned enough, he sold his books and gave the proceeds to the poor. Although he never again made study his occupation, whenever he was invited to cast aside his habitual reticence, he would surprise the most enlightened with depth and clarity of his theological knowledge.

now devoted himself entirely to the sanctification of his own soul and the good of his neighbor. His active apostolate began with solitary and unobtrusive visits to hospitals. Next he induced others to accompany him. Then he began to frequent the shops, stores, banks and public places of Rome, melting the hearts of those whom he chanced to meet, and exhorting them to serve God. In 1544, or later, he became friends with San Ignacio. Many of his disciples tried and found their vocations in the infant Society of Jesus, but most remained in the world, and formed the core of what later became the Brotherhood of the Little Oratory. Although he "appeared not fasting to men", his private life was that of a hermit. Their single daily meal was bread and water, which were sometimes added some herbs, the furniture of his room consisted of a bed, which usually preferred the floor, a table, some chairs, and a rope to hang your clothes, and he disciplined himself frequently with small chains. Tried by fierce temptations, diabolical and human, went through them all unscathed, and the purity of his soul manifested itself in certain striking physical traits. He prayed at first mostly in the church San Eustachio, hard by Caccia's house. Then he began to visit the seven churches. But it was in the catacombs of San Sebastiano, confounded by early biographers with that of San Callisto - which had the longest vigils and received the most abundant consolations. In this catacomb, a few days before Pentecost in 1544, took place the famous miracle of his heart. Bacci describes it thus: "While I was with the utmost seriousness by asking the Holy Ghost His gifts, there appeared to him a globe of fire which entered his mouth and lodged in his chest, and thereupon he was suddenly surprised with such a fire of love , who, unable to bear it, he threw the ground, and as he tries to cool himself, bared his breast to temper in some measure the flame she felt. When he had remained so for a while and was a little recovered, he rose up full of unwonted joy, and immediately all his body began to shake with a violent trembling, and put his hand on his chest, felt by the side of his heart a swelling about as big as a man's fist, but neither then nor afterwards was it attended with the slightest injury or wound. " The cause of this swelling was discovered by the doctors who examined his body after death. The saint's heart had been dilated under the sudden impulse of love, and having sufficient room to move, two ribs were broken, and curved in an arc. From the moment of the miracle till his death, his heart would palpitate violently whenever he performed any spiritual action.

During his last years as a layman, Philip's apostolate spread rapidly. In 1548, together with his confessor, Persiano Rosa, he founded the Confraternity of the Holy Trinity for looking after pilgrims and convalescents. Its members met for Communion, prayer and other spiritual exercises in the church of San Salvatore, and the saint himself introduced the exposition of the Blessed Sacrament once a month (the Forty Hours devotion.) In these devotions Philip preached, though still a layman, and we know that on one occasion he converted no less than thirty dissolute youths. In 1550 he presented the question of whether he should not discontinue his active work and retire into absolute solitude. His perplexity was set at rest by a vision of San Juan Bautista, and by another vision of two souls in glory, one of which was eating a bread roll, which meant the will of God that he lived in Rome for the good of souls as if in a desert, abstaining as far as possible the use of meat.

In 1551, however, was a true vocation from God. Bidding of his confessor - nothing short of this would overcome his humility - he entered the priesthood and moved to San Girolamo, where a staff of chaplains was supported by the Confraternity of Charity. Each priest had two rooms assigned to him, in which he lived, slept and ate, no other rule but to live in charity with his brethren. Among the new co-Felipe, besides Persiano Rosa, was Buonsignore Cacciaguerra, a remarkable penitent, who was at that time conducting a vigorous propaganda in favor of frequent communion. Philip, who as a layman had been quietly encouraging the frequent reception of the sacraments, spent all his priestly energy in promoting the same cause, but unlike of its precursor, he recommended the young especially to confess more often than they communicated. The church of San Girolamo was much frequented even before the arrival of Philip, and his confession soon became the center of a mighty apostolate. He stayed in church, hearing confessions or ready to hear, from dawn until nearly noon, and not content with this, he usually confessed some forty persons in his room before dawn. That worked untiringly throughout his long priesthood. As a physician of souls he received wonderful gifts from God. He would sometimes tell a penitent his most secret sins without the confession, and once turned a noble young man showing a vision of hell. Shortly before noon he would leave his confessional to say mass. His devotion to the Blessed Sacrament, as the miracle of his heart, is one of those manifestations of sanctity which are peculiarly his own. So great was the fervor of his charity, which in turn collected before Mass, I had to use deliberate means of distraction to deal with the external rite. During the last five years of his life he had permission to celebrate privately in a small chapel next to his room. In the "Agnus Dei" the servant went out, locked the doors and hung a notice: "Silence, the Father is saying Mass". When he returned in two hours or longer the saint was so absorbed in God that seemed on the verge of dying.

Philip devoted his afternoons to men and boys, inviting them to informal meetings in his room, taking them to visit churches, interesting himself in their amusements, hallowing with his sweet influence every aspect of their lives. At one time he had a strong desire to follow the example of San Francisco Javier, and go to India. With this end in view, he hastened the ordination of some of their peers. But in 1557 he sought the counsel of a Cistercian at Tre Fontane, and as on a previous occasion he had been told to make Rome his desert, so now the monk told him that he had a revelation St. John the Evangelist, that Rome should be your India. Philip at once abandoned the idea of \u200b\u200bgoing abroad, and the following year informal meetings in his room developed into regular spiritual exercises in an oratory, which built on the church. In these exercises laymen preached and the excellence of the speeches, the high quality of the music and the charm of Philip's personality attracted not only the humble and lowly, but men of high rank and distinction in the Church and the State. Of these, in 1590, Cardinal Niccolo Sfondrato, became Pope Gregory XIV, and the extreme reluctance of the saint alone prevented the pontiff from forcing him to accept the cardinal. In 1559, Philip began to organize regular visits to the seven churches, accompanied by crowds of men, priests and religious, and laymen of every rank and condition. These visits were the occasion of a short but sharp persecution from certain malicious faction, who denounced him as "a creator of new sects." The cardinal vicar himself summoned him, and without hearing his defense, rebuked him in the strongest terms. For a fortnight the saint was suspended from hearing confessions, but after that time he made his defense, and cleared himself before the ecclesiastical authorities.

In 1562, the Florentines in Rome begged him to accept the office of pastor of his church, San Giovanni dei Fiorentini, but he was reluctant to leave San Girolamo. Eventually the matter was brought before Pius IV, and a compromise was reached in 1564. While staying in San Girolamo, Philip became rector of S. Giovanni, and sent five priests, one of whom was Baronius, to represent him there. They lived in community under Philip as their superior, taking their meals together, and regularly attending the exercises at S. Girolamo. In 1574, however, the exercises began to be held in a chapel in San Giovanni. Meanwhile the community was growing in size, and in 1575 was formally recognized by Gregory XIII as the Congregation of the Oratory, and was given the church of Santa Maria in Vallicella. The parents came to live here in 1577, the year they opened the Chiesa Nuova, built on the site of the old Santa Maria, and transferred to a new oratory exercises. Philip himself remained at S. Girolamo till 1583, and only in obedience to Gregory XIII that he then left his old home and came to live at the Vallicella. The last years of his life were marked by illness and recovery options. In 1593, he showed the true greatness of one who knows the limits of his endurance, and resigned the office of superior which had been conferred for life. In 1594, when he was in an agony of pain, the Blessed Virgin appeared and healed him. In late March 1595, had a severe attack of fever, which lasted throughout April, but in response to his special prayer God gave him strength to say Mass on May 1 in honor of Saints Philip and James. The following 12 May he was seized with a violent haemorrhage, and Cardinal Baronius, who had succeeded him as superior, gave him last rites. After that he seemed to revive and his friend Cardinal Frederick Borromeo brought him the allowance, which he received with loud protestations of his own unworthiness. Next day he was perfectly fine, and even the day of his death went from their normal duties, even reciting the Divine Office, which was dispensed. But May 15, predicted that he had only ten days of life. On May 25, the feast of Corpus Christi was to say Mass in his little chapel, two hours earlier than usual. "At the beginning of his Mass", writes Bacci, "he remained a while staring at the hill of S. Onofrio, which was visible from the chapel, as if he saw some great vision. Upon arrival at the Gloria in Excelsis started singing, which was an unusual thing in it, and sang the whole with the greatest joy and devotion, and all the rest of the Mass he said with extraordinary exultation, as if singing. " He was in perfect health for the rest of that day, and made his usual night prayer, but when I was in bed, he predicted the hour of the night of his death. About an hour after midnight Antonio Gallonio father, who slept under him, heard him walking up and down, and went to his room. He found him lying on his bed, suffering from another haemorrhage. "Antonio, I'm going," he said; Gallonio sent for physicians and parents of the congregation. Cardinal Baronius made the commendation of the soul, and asked parents to give their final blessing. The saint raised his hand slightly, and looked skyward. Then, tilting his head towards the fathers, expired. Philip was beatified by Paul V in 1615 and canonized by Gregory XV in 1622. It

perhaps by the method of contrast as we realize more clearly the distinctive features of San Felipe and his work. We salute you as the patient reformer who leaves outward things alone and works from within, depending rather on the hidden might of sacrament and prayer than on drastic policies of external improvement, the director of souls who attaches more value to mortification of the reason than to bodily austerities, protests that men may become saints in the world no less than in the cloister, stresses the importance of serving God with a joyful spirit, and gives a quaintly humorous turn to the maxims of ascetical theology; the silent watcher of time, not taking an active part in ecclesiastical controversies and still is a driving force of development, now encouraging the use of ecclesiastical history as a bulwark against Protestantism, now insisting on the absolution of a monarch, others directors wished to exclude from the sacraments, prayer begging God to warn threatened condemnation and receiving a miraculous assurance that his prayer is heard, the founder of a congregation that is based more on personal influence than on disciplinary organization, and prefers the spontaneous practice of counsels of perfection to their enforcement through votes, and above all, the saint of God, which is so irresistibly attractive, so eminently lovable in himself, to achieve the title of "Amabile santo".

Transcribed by Herman F. Holbrook for Reverend David Martin, a priest of the Oratory in London. Translated by Francisco Vázquez

St. Philip Romolo Neri

THE APOSTLE OF ROME

Born at Florence, Italy, July 22, 1515, Died 27 May, 1595. Philip's family originally from Castelfranco meat But Had Lived for Many Generations in Florence, where not to FEW members of STI Had Learned Practise the professions, and THEREFORE Took rank with the Tuscan Nobility. These WAS Among Philip's own father, Francesco Neri, who eked out an insufficient private fortune with what he earned as a notary. A circumstance which had no small influence on the life of the saint was Francesco's friendship with the Dominicans; for it was from the friars of S. Marco, amid the memories of Savonarola, that Philip received many of his early religious impressions. Besides a younger brother, who died in early childhood, Philip had two younger sisters, Caterina and Elisabetta. It was with them that "the good Pippo", as he soon began to be called, committed his only known fault. He gave a slight push to Caterina, because she kept interrupting him and Elisabetta, while they were reciting psalms together, a practice of which, as a boy, he was remarkably fond. One incident of his childhood is dear to his early biographers as the first visible intervention of Providence on his behalf, and perhaps dearer still to his modern disciples, because it reveals the human characteristics of a boy amid the supernatural graces of a saint. When about eight years old he was left alone in a courtyard to amuse himself; seeing a donkey laden with fruit, he jumped on its back; the beast bolted, and both tumbled into a deep cellar. His parents hastened to the spot and extricated the child, not dead, as they feared, but entirely uninjured.

From the first it was evident that Philip's career would run on no conventional lines; when shown his family pedigree he tore it up, and the burning of his father's house left him unconcerned. Having studied the humanities under the best scholars of a scholarly generation, at the age of sixteen he was sent to help his father's cousin in business at S. Germano, near Monte Cassino. He applied himself with diligence, and his kinsman soon determined to make him his heir. But he would often withdraw for prayer to a little mountain chapel belonging to the Benedictines of Monte Cassino, built above the harbour of Gaeta in a cleft of rock which tradition says was among those rent at the hour of Our Lord's death. It was here that his vocation became definite: he was called to be the Apostle of Rome. In 1533 he arrived in Rome without any money. He had not informed his father of the step he was taking, and he had deliberately cut himself off from his kinsman's patronage. He was, however, at once befriended by Galeotto Caccia, a Florentine resident, who gave him a room in his house and an allowance of flour, in return for which he undertook the education of his two sons. For seventeen years Philip lived as a layman in Rome, probably without thinking of becoming a priest. It was perhaps while tutor to the boys, that he wrote most of the poetry which he composed both in Latin and in Italian. Before his death he burned all his writings, and only a few of his sonnets have come down to us. He spent some three years, beginning about 1535, in the study of philosophy at the Sapienza, and of theology in the school of the Augustinians. When he considered that he had learnt enough, he sold his books, and gave the price to the poor. Though he never again made study his regular occupation, whenever he was called upon to cast aside his habitual reticence, he would surprise the most learned with the depth and clearness of his theological knowledge.

He now devoted himself entirely to the sanctification of his own soul and the good of his neighbour. His active apostolate began with solitary and unobtrusive visits to the hospitals. Next he induced others to accompany him. Then he began to frequent the shops, warehouses, banks, and public places of Rome, melting the hearts of those whom he chanced to meet, and exhorting them to serve God. In 1544, or later, he became the friend of St. Ignatius. Many of his disciples tried and found their vocations in the infant Society of Jesus; but the majority remained in the world, and formed the nucleus of what afterwards became the Brotherhood of the Little Oratory. Though he "appeared not fasting to men", his private life was that of a hermit. His single daily meal was of bread and water, to which a few herbs were sometimes added, the furniture of his room consisted of a bed, to which he usually preferred the floor, a table, a few chairs, and a rope to hang his clothes on; and he disciplined himself frequently with small chains. Tried by fierce temptations, diabolical as well as human, he passed through them all unscathed, and the purity of his soul manifested itself in certain striking physical traits. He prayed at first mostly in the church of S. Eustachio, hard by Caccia's house. Next he took to visiting the Seven Churches. But it was in the catacomb of S. Sebastiano — confounded by early biographers with that of S. Callisto — that he kept the longest vigils and received the most abundant consolations. In this catacomb, a few days before Pentecost in 1544, the well-known miracle of his heart took place. Bacci describes it thus: "While he was with the greatest earnestness asking of the Holy Ghost His gifts, there appeared to him a globe of fire, which entered into his mouth and lodged in his breast; and thereupon he was suddenly surprised with such a fire of love, that, unable to bear it, he threw himself on the ground, and, like one trying to cool himself, bared his breast to temper in some measure the flame which he felt. When he had remained so for some time, and was a little recovered, he rose up full of unwonted joy, and immediately all his body began to shake with a violent tremour; and putting his hand to his bosom, he felt by the side of his heart, a swelling about as big as a man's fist, but neither then nor afterwards was it attended with the slightest pain or wound." The cause of this swelling was discovered by the doctors who examined his body after death. The saint's heart had been dilated under the sudden impulse of love, and in order that it might have sufficient room to move, two ribs had been broken, and curved in the form of an arch. From the time of the miracle till his death, his heart would palpitate violently whenever he performed any spiritual action.

During his last years as a layman, Philip's apostolate spread rapidly. In 1548, together with his confessor, Persiano Rosa, he founded the Confraternity of the Most Holy Trinity for looking after pilgrims and convalescents. Its members met for Communion, prayer, and other spiritual exercises in the church of S. Salvatore, and the saint himself introduced exposition of the Blessed Sacrament once a month. At these devotions Philip preached, though still a layman, and we learn that on one occasion alone he converted no less than thirty dissolute youths. In 1550 a doubt occurred to him as to whether he should not discontinue his active work and retire into absolute solitude. His perplexity was set at rest by a vision of St. John the Baptist, and by another vision of two souls in glory, one of whom was eating a roll of bread, signifying God's will that he should live in Rome for the good of souls as though he were in a desert, abstaining as far as possible from the use of meat.

In 1551, however, he received a true vocation from God. At the bidding of his confessor — nothing short of this would overcome his humility — he entered the priesthood, and went to live at S. Girolamo, where a staff of chaplains was supported by the Confraternity of Charity. Each priest had two rooms assigned to him, in which he lived, slept, and ate, under no rule save that of living in charity with his brethren. Among Philip's new companions, besides Persiano Rosa, was Buonsignore Cacciaguerra (see "A Precursor of St. Philip" by Lady Annabel Kerr, London), a remarkable penitent, who was at that time carrying on a vigorous propaganda in favour of frequent Communion. Philip, who as a layman had been quietly encouraging the frequent reception of the sacraments, expended the whole of his priestly energy in promoting the same cause; but unlike his precursor, he recommended the young especially to confess more often than they communicated. The church of S. Girolamo was much frequented even before the coming of Philip, and his confessional there soon became the centre of a mighty apostolate. He stayed in church, hearing confessions or ready to hear them, from daybreak till nearly midday, and not content with this, he usually confessed some forty persons in his room before dawn. Thus he laboured untiringly throughout his long priesthood. As a physician of souls he received marvellous gifts from God. He would sometimes tell a penitent his most secret sins without his confessing them; and once he converted a young nobleman by showing him a vision of hell. Shortly before noon he would leave his confessional to say Mass. His devotion to the Blessed Sacrament, like the miracle of his heart, is one of those manifestations of sanctity which are peculiarly his own. So great was the fervour of his charity, that, instead of recollecting himself before Mass, he had to use deliberate means of distraction in order to attend to the external rite. During the last five years of his life he had permission to celebrate privately in a little chapel close to his room. At the "Agnus Dei" the server went out, locked the doors, and hung up a notice: "Silence, the Father is saying Mass". When he returned in two hours or more, the saint was so absorbed in God that he seemed to be at the point of death.

Philip devoted his afternoons to men and boys, inviting them to informal meetings in his room, taking them to visit churches, interesting himself in their amusements, hallowing with his sweet influence every department of their lives. At one time he had a longing desire to follow the example of St. Francis Xavier, and go to India. With this end in view, he hastened the ordination of some of his companions. But in 1557 he sought the counsel of a Cistercian at Tre Fontane; and as on a former occasion he had been told to make Rome his desert, so now the monk communicated to him a revelation he had had from St. John the Evangelist, that Rome was to be his India. Philip at once abandoned the idea of going abroad, and in the following year the informal meetings in his room developed into regular spiritual exercises in an oratory, which he built over the church. At these exercises laymen preached and the excellence of the discourses, the high quality of the music, and the charm of Philip's personality attracted not only the humble and lowly, but men of the highest rank and distinction in Church and State. Of these, in 1590, Cardinal Nicolo Sfondrato, became Pope Gregory XIV, and the extreme reluctance of the saint alone prevented the pontiff from forcing him to accept the cardinalate. In 1559, Philip began to organize regular visits to the Seven Churches, in company with crowds of men, priests and religious, and laymen of every rank and condition. These visits were the occasion of a short but sharp persecution on the part of a certain malicious faction, who denounced him as "a setter-up of new sects". The cardinal vicar himself summoned him, and without listening to his defence, rebuked him in the harshest terms. For a fortnight the saint was suspended from hearing confessions; but at the end of that time he made his defence, and cleared himself before the ecclesiastical authorities. In 1562, the Florentines in Rome begged him to accept the office of rector of their church, S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini, but he was reluctant to leave S. Girolamo. At length the matter was brought before Pius IV, and a compromise was arrived at (1564). While remaining himself at S. Girolamo, Philip became rector of S. Giovanni, and sent five priests, one of whom was Baronius, to represent him there. They lived in community under Philip as their superior, taking their meals together, and regularly attending the exercises at S. Girolamo. In 1574, however, the exercises began to be held in an oratory at S. Giovanni. Meanwhile the community was increasing in size, and in 1575 it was formally recognised by Gregory XIII as the Congregation of the Oratory, and given the church of S. Maria in Vallicella. The fathers came to live there in 1577, in which year they opened the Chiesa Nuova, built on the site of the old S. Maria, and transferred the exercises to a new oratory. Philip himself remained at S. Girolamo till 1583, and it was only in obedience to Gregory XIII that he then left his old home and came to live at the Vallicella.

The last years of his life were marked by alternate sickness and recovery. In 1593, he showed the true greatness of one who knows the limits of his own endurance, and resigned the office of superior which had been conferred on him for life. In 1594, when he was in an agony of pain, the Blessed Virgin appeared to him, and cured him. At the end of March, 1595, he had a severe attack of fever, which lasted throughout April; but in answer to his special prayer God gave him strength to say Mass on 1 May in honour of SS. Philip and James. On the following 12 May he was seized with a violent haemorrhage, and Cardinal Baronius, who had succeeded him as superior, gave him Extreme Unction. After that he seemed to revive a little and his friend Cardinal Frederick Borromeo brought him the Viaticum, which he received with loud protestations of his own unworthiness. On the next day he was perfectly well, and till the actual day of his death went about his usual duties, even reciting the Divine Office, from which he was dispensed. But on 15 May he predicted that he had only ten more days to live. On 25 May, the feast of Corpus Christi, he went to say Mass in his little chapel, two hours earlier than usual. "At the beginning of his Mass", writes Bacci, "he remained for some time looking fixedly at the hill of S. Onofrio, which was visible from the chapel, just as if he saw some great vision. On coming to the Gloria in Excelsis he began to sing, which was an unusual thing for him, and sang the whole of it with the greatest joy and devotion, and all the rest of the Mass he said with extraordinary exultation, and as if singing." He was in perfect health for the rest of that day, and made his usual night prayer; but when in bed, he predicted the hour of the night at which he would die. About an hour after midnight Father Antonio Gallonio, who slept under him, heard him walking up and down, and went to his room. He found him lying on the bed, suffering from another hemorrhage. "Antonio, I am going", he said; Gallonio thereupon fetched the medical men and the fathers of the congregation. Cardinal Baronius made the commendation of his soul, and asked him to give the fathers his final blessing. The saint raised his hand slightly, and looked up to heaven. Then inclining his head towards the fathers, he breathed his last. Philip was beatified by Paul V in 1615, and canonized by Gregory XV in 1622.

It is perhaps by the method of contrast that the distinctive characteristics of St. Philip and his work are brought home to us most forcibly. We hail him as the patient reformer, who leaves outward things alone and works from within, depending rather on the hidden might of sacrament and prayer than on drastic policies of external improvement; the director of souls who attaches more value to mortification of the reason than to bodily austerities, protests that men may become saints in the world no less than in the cloister, dwells on the importance of serving God in a cheerful spirit, and gives a quaintly humorous turn to the maxims of ascetical theology; the silent watcher of the times, who takes no active part in ecclesiastical controversies and is yet a motive force in their development, now encouraging the use of ecclesiastical history as a bulwark against Protestantism, now insisting on the absolution of a monarch, whom other counsellors would fain exclude from the sacraments, now praying that God may avert a threatened condemnation and receiving a miraculous assurance that his prayer is heard; the founder of a Congregation, which relies more on personal influence than on disciplinary organization, and prefers the spontaneous practice of counsels of perfection to their enforcement by means of vows; above all, the saint of God, who is so irresistibly attractive, so eminently lovable in himself, as to win the title of the "Amabile santo".

Oratio Cardinalis Baronii ad Sanctum Philippum Nerium

Respice de coelo Sancte Pater ex illius montis celsitudine in hujus vallis humilitatem, ex illo quietis et tranquillitatis portu in calamitosum hoc mare, et vide illis benignissimis oculis quibus hujus saeculi discussa caligine clarius omnia intueris et perspicis, et visita custos diligentissime, vineam istam quam posuit et plantavit dextera tua tanto labore, sudore, periculis. Ad te itaque confugimus, a te opem petimus; tibi nos penitus totosque tradimus; te nobis patronum et defensorem adoptamus: suscipe causam salutis nostrae; tuere clientes tuos. Te ducem omnes appellamus; rege contra daemonis impetum pugnantem exercitum. Ad te, pientissime rector, vitae nostrae deferimus gubernacula. Rege naviculam hanc tuam, et, in alto collocatus, averte omnes cupiditatum scopulos, ut te duce et directore incolumes ad illum aeternae felicitatis portum pervenire possimus. Amen.

Ter Pater, Ave et Gloria Patri cum invocatione:

Sancte Philippe Nerii, ora pro nobis.

Litaniae Sancti Philippi Nerii

Kyrie eleison.
Christe eleison.
Kyrie eleison.
Christe, audi nos.
Chiste, exaudi nos.
Pater de coelis Deus, miserere nobis.
Fili, Redemptor mundi, Deus, miserere nobis.
Spiritus Sancte, Deus, miserere nobis.
Sancta Trinitas, unus Deus, miserere nobis.

Sancta Maria, ora pro nobis.
Sancta Dei Genitrix, ora pro nobis.
Sancta Virgo virginum, ora pro nobis.

Sancte Philippe, ora pro nobis.
Vas Spiritus Sancti, ora pro nobis.
Apostolus Romae, ora pro nobis.
Consiliarius Pontificis, ora pro nobis.
Vox fatidica, ora pro nobis.
Vir prisci temporis, ora pro nobis.
Sanctus amabilis, ora pro nobis.
Heros umbratilis, ora pro nobis.
Pater suavissimus, ora pro nobis.
Flos puritatis, ora pro nobis.
Martyr charitatis, ora pro nobis.
Cor flammigerum, ora pro nobis.
Discretor spirituum, ora pro nobis.
Gemma sacerdotum, ora pro nobis.
Vitae divinae speculum, ora pro nobis.
Specimen humilitatis, ora pro nobis.
Exemplar simplicitatis, ora pro nobis.
Lux sanctae laetitiae, ora pro nobis.
Imago pueritiae, ora pro nobis.
Forma senectutis, ora pro nobis.
Rector animarum, ora pro nobis.
Piscator fluctuantium, ora pro nobis.
Manuductor pupillorum, ora pro nobis.
Hospes Angelorum, ora pro nobis.

Qui castitatem adolescens coluisti, ora pro nobis.
Qui Romam divinitus petiisti, ora pro nobis.
Qui multos annos in catacumbis delituisti, ora pro nobis.
Qui ipsum Spiritum in cor recepisti, ora pro nobis.
Qui mirabiles ecstases sustinuisti, ora pro nobis.
Qui parvulis amanter serviisti, ora pro nobis.
Qui peregrinantium pedes lavasti, ora pro nobis.
Qui martyrium ardentissime sitiisti, ora pro nobis.
Qui Verbum Dei quotidianum distribuisti, ora pro nobis.
Qui tot corda ad Deum allexisti, ora pro nobis.
Qui sermones dulces cum Maria contulisti, ora pro nobis.
Qui emortuum ab inferis reduxisti, ora pro nobis.
Qui domos tuas in omni regione constituisti, ora pro nobis.

Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, parce nobis, Domine.
Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, exaudi nos, Domine.
Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis.

V. Ora pro nobis, Sancte Philippe.
R. Ut digni efficiamur promissionibus Christi.

Oremus. Deus, qui Beatum Philippum Confessorem tuum Sanctorum tuorum gloria sublimasti; concede propitius, ut cujus commemoratione laetamur, ejus virtutum proficiamus exemplo. Per Christum Dominum nostrum. R. Amen.

Illo nos igne Spiritus Sanctus inflammet (+) quo Sancti Philippi cor mirabiliter penetravit.

Prayer of Cardinal Baronius to San Felipe Neri

Notes from heaven, O Holy Father, from the loftiness of that mountain to the lowliness of the valley, from the port of rest and tranquility this stormy sea, and looks with those eyes of yours with whom benignísimos and dispel the darkness of this world, everything you look at it and penetrate it, visit, oh guard diligently explore, this vineyard which thy right hand planted at the expense of many jobs, sweating and dangers. To you, therefore we go, you call to our aid, to you all and we give ourselves entirely, you adopt and advocate for our pattern. Take care of the cause of our salvation and Help us with your protection. To you we named our guide leads an army fighting against the momentum of the demons. To you, oh pious captain us, we left the helm of our lives. Drive this little boat of yours and from the bridge beam to avoid the pitfalls of lust for us to reach, thanks to you, our guide and leader, the port of eternal bliss. So be it.

Three Our Fathers, Hail Mary and the invocation Gloriapatris:

San Felipe Neri, pray for us

Litany of San Felipe Neri

Lord, have mercy.
Christ, have mercy.
Lord, have mercy.
Christ, hear us.
Christ, hear us.
heavenly Father, have mercy on us.
God the Son, Redeemer of the world, have mercy on us.
God the Holy Spirit, have mercy on us.
Holy Trinity, one God, have mercy on us.

Holy Mary, pray for us.
Holy Mother of God, pray for us.
Holy Virgin of virgins, pray for us.

San Felipe, pray for us.
receptacle of the Holy Spirit, pray for us. Apostle
Rome, pray for us.
Director of the Pope, pray for us.
prophetic voice, pray for us.
male primeval times, pray for us. Holy
kind, pray for us.
Discreet Hero, pray for us.
softest Father, pray for us.
flower of purity, pray for us.
martyr of charity, pray for us.
Flaming Heart, pray for us. Resolver
spirits, pray for us.
Jewel of priests, pray for us.
mirror of divine life, pray for us.
model of humility, pray for us.
example of simplicity, pray for us.
Light of holy joy, Pray for us. Image
children, pray for us.
Ideal for the elderly, pray for us.
Director of souls, pray for us. Fisher
faltering, pray for us. Guide
youth, pray for us.
Host of Angels, ora pro nobis. You

, which grow from adolescence chastity, pray for us.
You who went to Rome by the will of God, pray for us.
You, to protect you in the shadows of the catacombs, pray for us.
You, you got the heart to the Holy Spirit, pray for us.
You who experienced ecstasy admirable, pray for us.
You, you served with love to the poor, pray for us.
You who washed the feet of pilgrims, pray for us.
You who ardently longed for martyrdom, pray for us. You
, who provide the daily Word of God, pray for us.
You, so many hearts attracted it to God, pray for us.
You who kept it sweet conversations with Mary, pray for us.
You, than a dead man saved from damnation, pray for us.
You, you've set your houses in the world, pray for us.

Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world, spare us, Lord. Lamb
of God who takes away the sins of the world, hear us, Lord.
Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world, have mercy on us.

V. Pray for us, San Felipe Neri.
R. To be worthy of the promises of Christ.

pray. Oh God, that enhances your confessor San Felipe with the glory of your saints, grant suitable for those who rejoice in his commemoration we seize the example of their virtues. Through Christ our Lord. R. Amen.

May the Holy Spirit inflame us with the fire (+) that entered admirably in the heart of San Felipe.

Prayer to St. Philip Neri by Cardinal Baronius

Look down from heaven, Holy Father, from the loftiness of that mountain to the lowliness of this valley; from that harbour of quietness and tranquillity to this calamitous sea. And now that the darkness of this world hinders no more those benignant eyes of thine from looking clearly into all things, look down and visit, O most diligent keeper, this vineyard which thy right hand planted with so much labour, anxiety and peril. To thee then we fly; from thee we seek for aid; to thee we give our whole selves unreservedly. Thee we adopt as our patron and defender; undertake the cause of our salvation, protect thy clients. To thee we appeal as our leader; rule thine army fighting against the assaults of the devil. To thee, kindest of pilots, we give up the rudder of our lives; steer this little ship of thine, and, placed as thou art on high, keep us off all the rocks of evil desires, that with thee for our pilot and guide, we may safely come to the port of eternal bliss. Amen.

Three times Pater , Ave and Gloria Patri with the invocation:

Saint Philip Neri, pray for us.

Litany of St. Philip Neri

Lord, have mercy. Lord, have mercy.
Christ, have mercy. Christ, have mercy.
Lord, have mercy. Lord, have mercy.
Christ, hear us.
Christ, graciously hear us.
God the Father of Heaven, Have mercy on us.
God the Son, Redeemer of the world, Have mercy on us.
God the Holy Spirit, Have mercy on us.
Holy Trinity, One God, Have mercy on us.

Holy Mary, pray for us.
Holy Mother of God, pray for us.
Holy Virgin of Virgins, pray for us.

Saint Philip, pray for us.
Vessel of the Holy Spirit, pray for us.
Child of Mary, pray for us.
Apostle of Rome, pray for us.
Counselor of Popes, pray for us.
Voice of Prophecy, pray for us.
Man of Primitive Times, pray for us.
Winning Saint, pray for us.
Hidden Hero, pray for us.
Sweetest of Fathers, pray for us.
Martyr of Charity, pray for us.
Heart of Fire, pray for us.
Discerner of Spirits, pray for us.
Choicest of Priests, pray for us.
Mirror of the Divine Life, pray for us.
Pattern of humility, pray for us.
Example of Simplicity, pray for us.
Light of Holy Joy, pray for us.
Image of Childhood, pray for us.
Picture of Old Age, pray for us.
Director of Souls, pray for us.
Gentle Guide of Youth, pray for us.
Patron of thine Own, pray for us.
Thou who observed chastity in thy youth, pray for us.

Who sought Rome by Divine guidance, pray for us.
Who hid so long in the catacombs, pray for us.
Who received the Holy Spirit into thy heart, pray for us.
Who experienced such wonderful ecstasies, pray for us.
Who so lovingly served the little ones, pray for us.
Who washed the feet of pilgrims, pray for us.
Who ardently thirsted after martyrdom, pray for us.
Who distributed the daily word of God, pray for us.
Who turned so many hearts to God, pray for us.
Who conversed so sweetly with Mary, pray for us.
Who raised the dead, pray for us.
Who set up thy houses in all lands, pray for us.

Lamb of God, Who takest away the sins of the world, Spare us, O Lord.
Lamb of God, Who takest away the sins of the world, Graciously hear us, O Lord.
Lamb of God, Who takest away the sins of the world, Have mercy on us.

V. Remember thy congregation.
R. Which thou hast possessed from the beginning.

Let Us Pray. O God, Who hast exalted blessed Philip, Thy confessor, in the glory of Thy Saints, grant that, as we rejoice in his commemoration, so may we profit by the example of his virtues, through Christ Our Lord. R. Amen.

May the Holy Ghost burn us with the fire (+) that admirably penetrated Saint Philip’s heart.

Prayer of Blessed John Henry Cardinal Newman to St Philip Neri
to ask the seven where the Holy Spirit

Oh my most beloved protector, San Felipe! We earnestly pray that I do have, by following your example, a true devotion to the Holy Spirit. As at Pentecost He filled your heart with his grace, so grant me the graces necessary for salvation.

Therefore I pray do I get your seven gifts, that my heart is swift and ardent in faith and virtue. Make

get:

the gift of wisdom so that you can prefer the sky to land and distinguish truth from falsehood;

the gift of understanding, so they are printed in my mind the mysteries of the Divine Word
the gift
Council, so you can see my way through the darkness;

the gift of fortitude, to be firm and unyielding in the fight against evil;
Science
the gift, that every thing you do is to pure intention and for the glory of God;

the gift of piety, to be devoted and sensitive conscience, and

the gift of Fear of God, that amid all the spiritual blessings keep submission, respect y sumisión.

¡Oh dulce Padre, flor de pureza, mártir de la caridad: ruega por mí!